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Tiny Art, Big Stories: The History of Mughal Miniature Paintings
July 07, 2022
Images (from left to right): Flowers (detail), Shyamu Ramdev, paint on silk, 2006.0100.1, Resting Royal Bengal Tiger (detail), Shyamu Ramdev, paint on silk, 2006.089.1, Untitled Court Scene (detail), Shyamu Ramdev, paint on silk, 2006.090.1, Taj Mahal (detail), Babulal Marotia, paint on manuscript, 2008.065.1, Peacock on Gold with Elephant Borde r (detail), Babulal Marotia, paint on paper, 2008.080.1, Red Rug (detail), Babulal Marotia, paint on manuscript, 2008.078.1.
At a distance, Indian miniature paintings convey vividly colorful stories of scripture, people, and events throughout the ages. On closer examination, they are a kaleidoscope of tiny, intricate brushstrokes applied delicately with a single-haired brush.
Indian miniature paintings have existed in various forms since the ninth century and became the product of several different schools of style. The height of the style came during the Mughal Empire, established in 1526 by Emperor Babur, a descendent of Genghis Kahn. The Mughals ruled through the 18th century and became one of the most powerful economic forces, covering territory that is now India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
At its height, the Mughal court had over 100 artists working for them. Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdus Samad, two Persian painters brought to India by Humykn, Babur’s son organized the first workshop of court artists. This cultural collaboration created the style unique to Mughal miniature paintings, combining the bold, vivid colors favored by painters of India and the fine delicate lines favored by Persians. The paintings are small, often painted to fit within small books, and value detail and color over realistic perspectives or shadowing techniques. But above all, the paintings brought stories to life. The paintings illustrated fables, epics, and religious stories at a time when many were not able to read. They also reflected what was important to the Mughals, including their love of nature, gardens, animals, and the lavish architecture they built like the Taj Mahal. Portraits documented palace life and achievements of royalty and other prominent figures.
With the imposition of British colonialism in India during the 18th century, an economic downturn, the introduction of the printing press, and the Ottoman court taking more interest in the West and subsequently Western art, the popularity of Mughal miniature painting died off.
In 2020, the art of miniature painting was added to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity based on a joint nomination by Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, and Uzbekistan. But still, the art has seen a drastic decline. Very few people are willing to learn the techniques today, and no university or art school teaches the craft in India. For those continuing the art form, the process and techniques are often passed down through family.
The GVSU collection features two contemporary artists, Shyamu Ramdev and Babulal Marotia, as well as several unidentified artisans.
Shyamu Ramdev was born in Jaipur, India into a family who had already been working for the Bhawani Singh’s royal palace as artists for three generations. He learned the art of miniature paintings from his older brother, Govind. Ramdev has won numerous awards for his dedication and excellence in miniature painting. Today, he and his brothers run the Rangreet art studio in Jaipur that teaches the techniques of miniature painting.
To see work by Rhyamu Ramdev in the art collection database visit https://artgallery.gvsu.edu/Detail/entities/1085 .
Babulal Marotia was born in Jaipur, India into a family already deeply entrenched within the arts. His father, Natu Lal, spent his free time painting and influenced Marotia to do the same. Marotia began practicing the specialty of miniature painting at the age of ten, and as a teenager, became a member of the Nawalgarh House, a painting community that specialized in all forms of Indian miniature painting. While Marotia continues to study miniature paintings today, his artwork combines tradition with a style that is truly his own.
To see work by Babulal Marotia in the art collection database visit https://artgallery.gvsu.edu/Detail/entities/2180.